Pokkali Farming
(GS-I: Geography; GS-III: Agriculture, Environment; Essay – Traditional Knowledge & Sustainability)
🌾 What is Pokkali Farming?
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A traditional, organic, and climate-resilient farming system practiced in the coastal wetlands of Kerala, particularly in Ernakulam, Alappuzha, and Thrissur.
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Recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by FAO, especially as part of the Kuttanad below-sea-level farming system.
Key Features:
| Aspect | Details |
| Crops | Pokkali rice (salt-tolerant) during monsoon; prawn/shrimp farming post-monsoon |
| Farming Type | Agro-aquaculture rotation – rice in wet season, aquaculture in dry season |
| Symbiosis | Rice stalks feed prawns; prawn excreta fertilizes rice fields |
| Organic & Low Input | No chemical fertilizers or pesticides used |
| Seasonality | June–October (Paddy) and November–April (Prawns) |
Significance:
Ecological & Environmental:
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Salt-tolerant & flood-resistant variety – resilient to climate change and rising sea levels
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Enhances soil fertility and natural biodiversity
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Acts as a carbon sink and mitigates coastal erosion
Cultural & Economic:
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Deeply rooted in Kerala’s coastal heritage
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Supports local livelihoods, food security, and rural economy
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Provides nutritious, chemical-free food
Global Recognition:
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Recognized under FAO’s GIAHS for:
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Biodiversity conservation
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Cultural significance
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Sustainability and local knowledge
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Research & Development:
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Ongoing efforts by Kerala Agricultural University, MS Swaminathan Foundation, and others to:
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Improve productivity
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Adapt to mechanization
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Preserve genetic traits of Pokkali rice
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Challenges:
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Labour shortages
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Low market returns
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Lack of technology suited to soggy, waterlogged fields
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Shrinking interest among younger generations
Conservation Measures:
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Support from local cooperatives, NGOs, and research bodies
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Educational and awareness campaigns promoting Pokkali as a climate-smart solution
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Government backing via:
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Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
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Climate Adaptation Plans
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UPSC Relevance:
Prelims:
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Location: Kerala
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Type: Rice–prawn rotational organic farming
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Recognition: FAO’s GIAHS; GI-tag for Pokkali rice
Mains (GS-I/III):
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Traditional farming as a model of climate-resilient agriculture
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Agro-ecological practices in vulnerable ecosystems
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Linkage of food security, cultural heritage, and sustainability
✍️ Essay Theme Applications:
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“In harmony with nature: Traditional knowledge and future sustainability”
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“Climate-resilient agriculture: Blending tradition and innovation”